I. Thesis Proposal Requirement As a graduate student in the Department of Biology, you are required to write and defend a thesis proposal. This requirement has been formalized as a milestone credit. The thesis proposal is most helpful when it is completed in the first term, especially for blogger.com students, but it must be completed by the end of the second term of your graduate Format for Dissertation or Masters Thesis Research Proposal National Institutes of Health (NIH) Style Proposal Background: NIH is the primary governmental funding agency for projects related to health sciences. Therefore, if you work in one of these fields it is important that you are familiar with the proposal format and guidelines A Sample Research Proposal with Comments A research project or thesis will take at least two semesters to complete. Prior to starting a research, i.e. enrolling in the first semester research course, students must go through the proposal stage, during which students will develop their proposal and have it reviewed by his/her research advisor
American Essay: Biology thesis proposal example only professionals!
Honors Thesis Proposal by Meredith C. Shyamal K. Raloxifene has a high affinity for estrogen receptors due to strategically placed phenols Black et al. The Study of Tamoxifen biology thesis proposal example Raloxifene STAR and are phase III clinical trials currently underway to determine the effectiveness of tamoxifen and raloxifene in preventing the occurrence of breast cancer and also to compare the net effects and risks of both drugs Jordan and Morrow, Tamoxifen was the first antiestrogen approved by the FDA in for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women Lerner and Jordan, Tamoxifen works by blocking estrogen from binding to estrogen receptors.
In estrogen receptor positive cases tamoxifen is effective in preventing breast cancer, whereas in estrogen receptor negative cases, tamoxifen has virtually no effect Jordan and Jaspan, Tamoxifen and raloxifene are known as antiestrogens because they have the ability to work as an estrogen agonist in bone and in the cardiovascular system while acting as an estrogen antagonist in breast and uterine tissue. Raloxifene acts as an estrogen antagonist in the same manner as tamoxifen by blocking receptors on breast and uterine cells from receiving estrogen Zou et al.
Unfortunately tamoxifen has been shown to increase the incidence of endometrial cancer fold report in The Lancet, biology thesis proposal example,and thus far there is no evidence to suggest that raloxifene increases biology thesis proposal example risk for uterine cancer Jordan and Morrow Cancer is a life-threatening disease that is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
Normal cells in culture are programmed to undergo a definite number of divisions, known as the Hayflick limit 50 generationsand once they have reached this limit, they undergo apoptosis programmed cell death and die. Cancerous cells are immortal and remain undifferentiated, which allows them to continue to biology thesis proposal example, not following the Hayflick limit. Breast cancer can be caused by the presence of two autosomal dominant predisposition genes, BRCA 1 which is located on chromosome 17q21 Miki et al.
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process by which the cell programs itself to die. This process occurs naturally in the regulation of tissue homeostasis Verhaegen, and when it is beneficial to the organism, such as when DNA has been damaged or the biology thesis proposal example has been infected by a contaminant.
If the mechanism fails and the cell does not receive a signal to undergo apoptosis, the cell will continue to divide indefinitely which can lead to tumor formation.
Apoptosis can be characterized by blebbing, a decrease in cell volume, oligosomal fragmentation, chromatin condensation and the formation of apoptotic bodies Brown, ; Kerr et al. The apoptotic bodies are then phagocytosed by parenchymal cells or macrophages Verhaegen, Apoptosis is distinctly different from necrosis, a type of cell death caused by injury to the cell resulting in rupturing of the plasma membrane and leakage of the cellular components into extracellular space.
This then initiates inflammatory responses in nearby cells Earnshaw, In healthy mitochondrial cells, biology thesis proposal example, energy from respiration accumulates and is stored as an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This gradient drives the cell to synthesize more ATP and a disruption in this gradient has been shown to be one of the first intracellular changes in apoptosis Cossarizza et al.
Once the cell begins apoptosis, a cascade of caspases is activated. Caspases are proteases that are directly involved in the demise of the cell during apoptosis, biology thesis proposal example. Each caspsase has a specific role in apoptosis as either effectors or inhibitors. Effectors are caspases that are directly responsible for proteolytic cleavages that lead to cell disassembly and inhibitors are those involved in upstream regulatory events Thornberry and Lazebnik, Once a cell has entered the apoptotic pathway and the cascade of caspases has been initiated, linker DNA between nucleosomes in chromatin is digested and fragmented by endonucleases, freeing mononucleosomes and oligonucleosomes Kerr et al, biology thesis proposal example.
Using this theory, a Nucleosome ELISA assay has been developed that uses a biotin-labeled antibody to bind to the histone component of mononucleosomes and oligonucleosomes to quantitate the amount of apoptotic cells in vitro Oncogene, Cambridge, MA. Based upon my literature review, very little is known about the effects of raloxifene in vitro, whereas research into the cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen has been performed and is better established Bonita, et al. Because raloxifene holds the possibility biology thesis proposal example reducing the risk of breast cancer without stimulating endometrial cancer unlike tamoxifen Jordan and Morrow,further research in this area should be conducted.
My preliminary findings show that raloxifene has a toxic effect on BB cell multiplication. This investigation will study the effects of raloxifene on BB, HeLa, and WI cell multiplication, biology thesis proposal example. Research will also be conducted to investigate the mechanism of cell death upon treatment with raloxifene. Murine erythroleukemic BBhuman cervical cancer HeLa and human diploid lung WI cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection Rockville, MD.
BB cells are virally induced murine erythroleukemic cells MEL that grow in suspension with a generation time of hours. Ruan and Lilly, HeLa cells are human cervical cancer cells that adhere to surfaces and grow by forming a multilayer. HeLa cells have a generation time of hours.
HeLa and MEL are well-studied cell lines that are commonly used in cancer research. WI is a human diploid cell line derived from normal embryonic lung tissue and has a finite lifetime of approximately 50 population doublings with a generation time of 17 hours. These cells do not form tumors and are free from viruses.
WI cells adhere to surfaces forming a multilayer, biology thesis proposal example. Indianapolis, IN through Lafayette College Infirmary. The cells will be grown in 25cm2 tissue culture flasks in a 37oC humidified incubator with 7.
Cell multiplication studies will be performed on BB, HeLa and WI to determine the dose curve of raloxifene for each biology thesis proposal example line. Statistical analyses such as Student¹s T-test, ANOVA and regression and correlation will be performed.
Two different assays will be used to understand the mechanism of cell death in raloxifene treated and untreated cells: the Trevigen Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Disruption Assay Gaithersburg, MD and a Nucleosome ELISA Oncogene, Biology thesis proposal example, MD, biology thesis proposal example.
The Trevigen Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Disruption Assay Gaithersburg, biology thesis proposal example, MD will detect via fluorescence a change in membrane potential of the mitochondria that indicates occurrence of apoptosis. This procedure will be biology thesis proposal example according to the provided protocol. The media will be removed and cells will be treated with DePsipher solution, which is a lipophilic cation that acts as a mitochondrial activity marker, and incubated at 37oC in 7.
After incubation, cells will be washed with Reaction Buffer and observed under the fluorescence microscope. The Nucleosome ELISA Oncogene, Cambridge, MA will be used to detect DNA damage via biotin-labeled antibodies that bind to histones, quantitating free nucleosomes in apoptotic cells. The procedure will be followed according to the protocol provided with the kit.
Cells will be counted and treated with various concentrations of raloxifene and incubated at 37oC in 7. Using the components of the kit, the cells will be lysed followed by centrifugation. The supernatant will be removed and saved for analysis.
All samples and standards will be diluted to a final concentration of 0. A Detector Antibody is then added to each well to bind to the mononucleosomes and oligonucleosomes and incubated, after which each well is washed and a Conjugate Solution is added to bind to the Detector Antibodies and incubated. Each well is washed and Substrate Solution is then added to elicit a color change proportional to the amount of detected mononucleosomes and oligonucleosomes. This amount will cover the cost of the Trevigen Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Disruption Kit Gaithersburg, MDa Nucleosome ELISA Kit Oncogene, Cambridge, MA and other associated laboratory supplies.
Black L. Jones, J. Clark, et al. Biology thesis proposal example a unique antiestrogen displaying high affinity for estrogen receptors, negligible estrogenic activity, and nearly total estrogen antagonism in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Bonita, Diane, N. Eraydin, M. Nyako, et al. Response of non-breast cancer cells to tamoxifen in presence and absence of beta-estradiol. The NucleusVol, biology thesis proposal example. Brown, Kimberly An Investigation of the Mechanism of HeLa Cell Death Induced by Tamoxifen.
Honors Thesis: Lafayette College Biology Department. Easton, PA. Cossarizza A. Franceschi, D. Monti, biology thesis proposal example, et al. Protective effect of N- acetylcysteine in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis in U cells: the role of mitochondria, biology thesis proposal example. Cell Res. Cummings, S. Eckert, K. Kruege, et al.
The Effect of Raloxifene on Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Results From the MORE Randomized Trial. Early Breast Cancer Trialists¹ Collaborative Group Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials.
The Lancet Freshney, R. Ian Culture of Animal Cells: A manual of Basic Technique. New York: Wiley-Liss. Jiang S. Parker, and V. Jordan A model to describe how a point mutation of the estrogen receptor alters the structure function relationship of antiestrogens.
Jordan V. and T. Jaspan Tamoxifen as an antitumour agent: oestrogen binding as a predictive test for tumour response.
How to Write a Dissertation Proposal (with an example) II SARA MORA
, time: 12:27Thesis Proposal Guidelines | Department of Biology | University of Waterloo
A Sample Research Proposal with Comments A research project or thesis will take at least two semesters to complete. Prior to starting a research, i.e. enrolling in the first semester research course, students must go through the proposal stage, during which students will develop their proposal and have it reviewed by his/her research advisor I. Thesis Proposal Requirement As a graduate student in the Department of Biology, you are required to write and defend a thesis proposal. This requirement has been formalized as a milestone credit. The thesis proposal is most helpful when it is completed in the first term, especially for blogger.com students, but it must be completed by the end of the second term of your graduate Nov 08, · Biology thesis proposal example for phase 2 nursing application essay question examples. Massachusettss other unearned incom the tax funding for biotech, biology thesis proposal example from to. What is the maximum velocity of the conditions of a certain leve furthermore, in the lake, which one is to be recorded accurately and appropriately, including properly identifying
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