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Women and the Progressive Movement ». World War II was the central event of the twentieth century. It involved all six major continents, all three of the great oceans on the planet, scores of countries, and billions of people. It caused 57 million deaths and unimaginable human suffering. It brought about the redrawing of national boundaries in Europe and Asia, forced the relocation of many ethnic groups, made ap us history essay questions on wwii of families homeless, and led to the virtual annihilation of the Jewish population of Europe.
By the time it was over inTokyo, Berlin, Hamburg, ap us history essay questions on wwii, Leningrad, Stalingrad, Warsaw, Hiroshima, Dresden, Dusseldorf, Nagasaki, Osaka, Manila, Cologne, and dozens of other great cities had been obliterated.
And population centers that had mostly avoided the worst of the death and destruction continued to see poverty and hunger linger for years after the surrender documents had been signed. Meanwhile, the prisoners and the wounded, making their way back to wives, sweethearts, parents, and children, often after an absence of many years, would carry the cost of the conflict with them for the rest of their lives.
There is no one date that can be said to mark the beginning of the greatest ap us history essay questions on wwii global conflicts. Inthe Japanese army invaded Manchuria, a northern province of China. In Julythe Japanese moved again, this time directly against the Nationalist regime of Chiang Kai-shek. The atrocities that followed shocked the world. Meanwhile, inGerman Chancellor Adolf Hitler moved aggressively into the Rhineland, previously a demilitarized zone, and inhe incorporated Czechoslovakia and Austria into the Third Reich.
By this time, the Western world was fully alert to the menace of the fanatically ambitious and confident Fuhrer. Then, in the early morning hours of September 1,Hitler sent his armies into Poland. Two days later, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany.
Within a matter of weeks the Soviet Union, which had recently signed a non-aggression treaty with Hitler, attacked Poland from the east, ap us history essay questions on wwii.
Within a month, Polish resistance collapsed, and Warsaw fell. World War II had begun. In general, the Ap us history essay questions on wwii people did not want to have any part in ap us history essay questions on wwii European war.
They felt protected by great oceans on both sides of the North American continent. And they felt that, in World War I, American boys had fought and bled in France mostly to make fortunes for munitions makers and arms merchants. Moreover, the United States had allowed its armed forces to wither in the s andso that when World War II broke out in Europe, its army ofmen ranked about eighteenth in the global rankings, about on a par with Rumania and Bulgaria.
The United States might never have entered World War II if Germany, Japan, and Italy had stopped after their initial conquests.
But the three Axis powers made astonishing gains in the years before the Pearl Harbor attack. After taking over Norway and neutralizing Sweden, the Nazis turned their attention to the big prize. Early in the morning of May 10, ap us history essay questions on wwii,Hitler launched a blitzkrieg or lightning war against France, whose army had previously been considered the finest in the world. The revolutionary nature of the German offensive, generally credited to the brilliant strategist, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, was to concentrate all available tanks into a few specialized and highly mobile armored divisions rather than to spread them out evenly among infantry units.
These panzer formations were to smash holes in the enemy line and then break out into the rear, creating havoc on the roads and, supported by Luftwaffe dive bombers, preventing the Allies from plugging the gaps. They did this by attacking through the dense Ardennes forests in Luxembourg and southern Belgium, crossing the Meuse River long before the Allied high command had thought possible.
The British and French armies actually had more and better tanks than the attackers, but new strategic and tactical concepts carried the contest.
The German tank columns swept everything before them, and the French defenses soon collapsed. In fact, the almost total collapse of the proud French army in May remains one of the most incredible events in all of military history. The British Expeditionary Force, which had been sent in to help defend France from the Wehrmacht, was cut off when German panzer divisions cut west toward the English Channel, effectively isolating more thanAllied troops.
Fortunately for Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the Royal Navy was able to extricate his trapped soldiers from the port of Dunkirk. But at the end of Juneessentially all of western Europe was under the control of Berlin.
Hitler expected Great Britain, his only remaining foe, to recognize the superiority of German arms and to remove itself from active involvement in Europe. After all, he reasoned, Germany sought lebensraum or growing space in the east and had no intention of dismantling the British Empire. Why not just divide the world? Why would the Anglo-Saxons not be content with their vast holdings in Asia, on the other side of the world? When London refused to capitulate or to do the sensible thing, the Fuhrer unleashed the Luftwaffe on the English homeland, expecting that its heavy blows would bring Churchill to his senses.
At about the same time, in a dramatic BBC radio address from London on June 18,General Charles de Gaulle called upon his French countrymen to resist their German conquerors. Meanwhile, Italy, not satisfied with its conquest of Ethiopia in —, turned its attention toward Greece.
And Japan expanded its military operations in China. Inap us history essay questions on wwii, however, Hitler made a colossal blunder. He had not defeated Great Britain, and yet he was turning his armies to the east, initiating a two-front war. The eastern front, which involved hundreds of combat divisions stretched over thousands of miles of windswept terrain, would turn out to be a human furnace that consumed soldiers as hungrily as steam engines consume coals. Germany essentially bled to death in Russia, as four-fifths of all Wehrmacht soldiers who perished in the war died while fighting the Red Army.
For the Soviet Union, the carnage was even worse. President Franklin D. Roosevelt followed the news of fighting in Europe with obvious concern. Moreover, many ethnic Americans were not anxious to help the British. German Americans and Italian Americans, for example, while loyal to the United States, were also proud that Hitler and Mussolini had restored pride and confidence to their homelands, while Irish Americans, long hostile to the government in London, did not want to go to war to advance the interests of the hated English.
They also knew that when brown-shirted, Nazi thugs attacked Jewish businesses and synagogues, the Berlin government had done nothing to protect its Jewish citizens. FDR was of course aware of these cross-currents. And he also knew that if Germany ever controlled all of Europe, its power would be colossal. So, sometimes quietly, sometimes forcefully, he moved his nation to a state of greater preparedness. On July 19,he signed into law the largest shipbuilding program in American history, one that would essentially double the size of the already impressive United States Navy.
And the Army, directed by Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, began to grow to a size more appropriate to a great power. Also inthe President took the momentous step of federalizing the National Guard of all the states. If the American republic was ever to be dragged into the conflict, Roosevelt wanted the nation to be ready. Japanese leaders felt that they were being unfairly held back by the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, ap us history essay questions on wwii together controlled most of the natural resources, especially oil, to the south of Japan, in places now known as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines.
Essentially, the Western powers said they would not send scrap iron and sell resources to the Japanese if their government did not remove its troops from China and renounce its ambitions there. Why should the proud Japanese, with their centuries of tradition, their modern navy, and their ambitions for future glory, give up their dreams because those dreams did not fit with the wishes of white Westerners. They wanted their own empire and their own seat at the table among the great nations of the world.
So, the Tokyo government would have to seize the resources it needed, which meant certain war with the West.
But in which direction would the Japanese move? Essentially, they had three options. The first was to aid Nazi Germany and to attack to the north against the Russian Ap us history essay questions on wwii East from Japanese bases in Manchuria. Such a Japanese strike against the Soviets would have divided Soviet resources and probably resulted in a victory for Hitler over the USSR, ap us history essay questions on wwii. But Japan needed oil and rubber quickly, and those resources were not easily available to the north.
This strategy had a good probability of success, but the Japanese supply lines to the Indian Ocean would have to run past the US-controlled Philippine Islands. Thus, the Rising Sun had to take the third and militarily worst option—a direct strike against the United States—the one country with the natural resources, the population size, and the industrial capacity to crush Japan.
It would require a bold and audacious ap us history essay questions on wwii on the United States Pacific Fleet, which President Roosevelt had recently redeployed from its home port in San Diego to its forward operating base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. Such an assault would require meticulous planning, intense training, absolute secrecy, and complete surprise.
Fortunately for the Japanese, in Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander in chief of the Combined Fleet, they had the perfect leader. His plan was to first cripple the American fleet and then to force ap us history essay questions on wwii gigantic naval battle somewhere in the vast Pacific.
Its aircraft carriers managed to cross the Pacific Ocean without being spotted, and its torpedo and dive bombers achieved complete surprise against the sleeping American fleet. All eight American battleships were disabled or sent to ap us history essay questions on wwii bottom, as were dozens of smaller vessels. More than a thousand sailors died on the USS Arizona alone, and they represented less than half of the Navy losses that day. By contrast, the Japanese attackers lost only a few pilots and planes, and no ships.
Admiral Yamamoto had every reason to be proud. He had only two reasons for immediate concern. First, the three large American aircraft carriers attached to the Pacific Fleet were not in Pearl Harbor, but were at sea on a practice mission, and the Japanese aviators could not find them. Second, Yamamoto had not thought to order his pilots to blow up the giant oil tanks and fuel storage facilities that dotted the area around Pearl Harbor. Despite his great victory, he thought the Japanese had simply awakened a sleeping giant.
The great national debate about whether the United States should get involved in World War II essentially ended when the first bombs fell on the Hawaiian Islands. Few Americans had ever been to Japan, and fewer still cared about it one way or the other. The next day, ap us history essay questions on wwii, a Monday, President Roosevelt spoke before a joint session of Congress.
The Fuhrer made many miscalculations during the war; perhaps this was his biggest mistake. President Roosevelt was happy that the United States was in the war, and in fact, he had manipulated the Japanese into firing the first shot.
But he had expected the initial Japanese attack to be against the Philippines, not on a presumably impregnable naval base in the middle of a huge ocean.
He was shocked by what happened at Pearl Harbor, and was horrified by the destruction of his battleships and the devastating number of deaths on December 7. But the American nation could make up such human and material losses. And the President knew how to funnel national anger at Japan into a much more critical war against Germany.
FDR understood better than his countrymen that Germany was the greater threat and that Japan could be dealt with almost at leisure. It was a sentiment shared by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The United States had great military potential, but in December of it was still more potential than reality.
Conducting WORLD WAR II [AP World History] Unit 7 Topic 7 (7.7)
, time: 8:12RA: AP United States History Exam Past Exam Questions | AP Central
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