An example of an introduction for a results section may be as follows: A factorial ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the effect of gender and type of course on the number of points students earned in their educational statistics course. The independent variable, gender, included two File Size: 75KB It’s a good idea to report three main things in an APA style results section when it comes to t-tests. Doing so will help your reader more fully understand your results. 1. Test type and use. You want to tell your reader what type of analysis you conducted. If you · In an APA results section, you should generally report the following: Participant flow and recruitment period. Missing data and any adverse events. Descriptive statistics about your samples. Inferential statistics, including confidence intervals and effect sizes. Results of any subgroup or exploratory analyses, if blogger.comted Reading Time: 8 mins
How do I report independent samples T-test data in APA style?
Published on February 5, by Pritha Bhandari. Revised on July 16, The methods section of an APA style paper apa format results section example where you report in detail how you performed your study. Research papers in the social and natural sciences often follow APA style. This article focuses on reporting quantitative research methods. In your APA methods section, you should report enough information to understand and replicate your study, including detailed information on the sampleapa format results section example, and procedures used.
Table of contents Structuring an Apa format results section example methods section Participants Materials Procedure Example of an APA methods section Frequently asked questions about writing an APA methods section, apa format results section example. Subheadings within this section are left-aligned, boldfaced, and in title case.
You can also add lower level headings within these subsections, as long as they follow APA heading styles. Note that not all of these topics will necessarily be relevant for your study. The APA also provides specific reporting guidelines for different types of research design. These tell you exactly what you need to report for longitudinal designsreplication studies, experimental designsand so on, apa format results section example.
If your study uses a combination design, consult APA guidelines for mixed methods studies. Begin the methods section by reporting sample characteristics, sampling procedures, and the sample size. Specify all relevant demographic characteristics of your participants.
This may include their age, sex, ethnic or racial group, gender identity, education level, and socioeconomic status. Depending on your study topic, other characteristics like educational or immigration status or language preference may also be relevant.
Be sure to report these characteristics as precisely as possible. This helps the reader understand how far your results may be generalized to other people. Outline how the participants were selected and all inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. Appropriately identify the sampling procedure used. For example, you should only label a sample as random if you had access to every member of the relevant population. Of all the people invited to participate in your study, note the percentage that actually did if you have this data.
Additionally, apa format results section example, report whether participants were self-selected, either by themselves or by their institutions e. Identify any compensation e. Detail the sample size per condition and statistical power that you hoped to achieve, as well as any analyses you performed to determine these numbers, apa format results section example.
Additionally, state whether your final sample differed from the intended sample. Your interpretations of the study outcomes should be based only on your final sample rather than your intended sample. Learn more. Write up the tools and techniques that you used to measure relevant variables. Be as thorough as possible for a complete picture of your techniques. Define the primary and secondary outcome measures that will help you answer your primary and secondary research questions.
Specify all instruments used in gathering these measurements and the construct that they measure. These instruments may include hardware, software, or tests, scales, and inventories. Giving an example item or two for tests, questionnairesand interviews is also helpful.
A general knowledge test appropriate for adults was created using materials from a previous study see supplementary materials. The test consisted of 20 multiple choice questions with medium difficulty.
Describe any covariates—these are any additional variables that may explain or predict the outcomes. This tells the reader how similarly each response was rated by multiple raters. Report all of the procedures applied for administering the study, apa format results section example, processing apa format results section example data, and for planned data analyses.
Data collection methods refers to the general mode of the instruments: surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, neuroimaging, cognitive tests, and so on. Summarize exactly how you collected the necessary data. Describe all procedures you applied in administering surveys, tests, physical recordings, or imaging devices, with enough detail so that someone else can replicate your techniques. If your procedures are very complicated and require long descriptions e. To report research design, note your overall framework for data collection and analysis.
Also note whether a between-subjects or a within-subjects design was used. Describe whether any masking was used to hide the condition assignment e.
Using masking in a multi-group study ensures internal validity by reducing bias. Explain how this masking was applied and whether its effectiveness was assessed. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition. To begin, all participants were given the AAI and a demographics questionnaire to complete, followed by an unrelated filler task.
In the control conditionparticipants completed a short general knowledge test immediately apa format results section example the filler task. In the experimental condition, participants were asked to visualize themselves taking the test for 3 minutes before they actually did. For more details on the exact instructions and tasks given, see supplementary materials. In the between-subjects experimental design, the independent variable was whether the visualization intervention was applied and the dependent variable was the difference in test scores between conditions.
Data diagnostics Outline all steps taken to scrutinize or process the data after collection. To ensure high validity, you should provide enough detail for your reader to understand how and why you processed or transformed your raw data in these specific ways, apa format results section example. The methods section is also where you describe your statistical analysis procedures, but not their outcomes.
Their outcomes are reported in the results section. These procedures should be stated for all primary, secondary, and exploratory hypotheses. This annotated example reports methods for a descriptive correlational survey on the relationship between religiosity and trust in science in the US. Hover over each part for explanation of what is included. Example of an APA methods section Methods. The sample included adults aged between 18 and Ethics approval was obtained from the university board before recruitment began.
Participants were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk MTurk; www. We selected for a geographically diverse sample within the Midwest of the US through an initial screening survey. A sample size of at least was deemed necessary for detecting a correlation apa format results section example of ±.
The primary outcome measures were the levels of religiosity and trust in science. Religiosity refers to involvement and belief in religious traditions, while trust in science represents apa format results section example in scientists and scientific research outcomes.
The secondary outcome measures were gender and parental education levels of participants and whether these characteristics predicted religiosity levels. Religiosity was measured using the Centrality of Religiosity scale Huber, The Likert scale is made up of 15 questions with five subscales of ideology, experience, intellect, public practice, and private practice.
The internal consistency of the instrument is. Trust in Science. Four Likert scale items were assessed on a scale from 1 completely distrust to 5 completely trust. Potential participants were invited to participate in the survey online using Qualtrics www.
The survey consisted of multiple choice questions regarding demographic characteristics, the Centrality of Religiosity scale, an unrelated filler anagram task, and finally the General Trust in Science index. The filler task was included to avoid priming or demand characteristics, and an attention check was embedded within the religiosity scale.
For full instructions and details of tasks, see supplementary materials. For this correlational studywe assessed our primary hypothesis of a relationship between religiosity and trust in science using Pearson moment correlation coefficient.
The statistical significance of the correlation coefficient was assessed using a t test. To test our secondary hypothesis of parental education levels and gender as predictors of religiosity, multiple linear regression analysis was used.
In your APA methods sectionyou should report detailed information on the participants, materials, and procedures used. In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the resultsdiscussion and conclusion. The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertationor research proposal, apa format results section example.
Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology. I am a student and am writing an APA style research paper for my class. My instructor wants our views on where we stand after reviewing scholarly articles.
We need to develop pros and cons and then say why we believe such and such, apa format results section example. How do I do this without using "I" statements? I'm confused about this and would appreciate any guidance. Thank you. In APA Style, apa format results section example, you actually should use the first person "I" when referring to your own ideas, actions, and opinions. Avoiding the first-person voice is a somewhat old-fashioned practice that APA no longer recommends.
However, if your instructor still requires you to avoid "I," you can read more here about ways of doing so. An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software.
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How to Write the Results Section of an APA Research Paper
, time: 11:06Writing a Results and Discussion
Reporting Results. Continue the results section from the previous section; do not start it on a new page. Center the heading "Results." Describe what you found, not why -- explanations will be in the discussion section. State the statistic you used to analyze the data. For example, a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) or t-test, or Chi Square example: t(33) = , p If your exact p value is less than, it is conventional to state merely p results section the alpha level used as a significance criterion for your tests. For example: “We used an alpha level of for all statistical tests.”File Size: KB · In an APA results section, you should generally report the following: Participant flow and recruitment period. Missing data and any adverse events. Descriptive statistics about your samples. Inferential statistics, including confidence intervals and effect sizes. Results of any subgroup or exploratory analyses, if blogger.comted Reading Time: 8 mins
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